Troy University Admissions ACT Scores, Financial Aid More

Essay on Behavioral Treatments in Autism - 1185 Words

Behavioral Treatments in Autism Outline I. Introduction A. Infantile Autism B. Operant Learning Theory C. Behavior Techniques II. Target Behaviors A. Aberrant Behaviors B. Social Skills C. Language III. Behavioral Techniques A. Aversive Stimuli B. Noncontingent Access to Preferred Stimulus C. Collateral Changes D. Self-Management E. Incidental Teaching IV. Conclusion A. Assessment B. Environment C. Generalization Behavioral Treatments in Autism Through the years since Kanner first described infantile autism, much research has amassed on different methods of treating those diagnosed with autism and the various deficits and excesses they possess. As the 1960’s began, the learning theory approach to†¦show more content†¦Autism is a spectrum disorder with a wide range of symptoms and degrees of impairment. A person with autism lives for the most part in an isolated world unaware of the impact their behavior has on the immediate environment. Even though some may be high functioning, the majority (around 70-75%) has some amount of associated learning disabilities and about 50% score below 50 on the IQ scale. When there are profound cognitive impairments, adequate speech development is not likely, and additionally the incidence of aberrant behavior increases (Howlin, 1996). Aberrant behaviors are behavioral excesses that interfere with interaction opportunities within an individual’s environment (Matson , et al., 1996). Another high impacting area of deficiency is socialization skills. This area includes decreased responding to verbal initiations of others, inappropriate affect or facial expression during communicative interactions, eye contact and preservation on the same topic even when cues are given by the partner for a topic shift (Koegel, Frea, 1993). Social skill impairment has some relation to the language impairment. Expressive and receptive language difficulties occur in a high percentage of autistic individuals. Difficulties in expressing thoughts and ideas can lead to outbursts of anxiety, aggression, and self-injurious behavior in those with low ability and therefore it is often incorporated into treatment approaches forShow MoreRelatedEarly Behavioral Treatments For Children With Autism883 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Lovaas (1987) and Carr Durand (1985), early behavioral treatments was highly designed. As the field has progressed, behavioral treatments h ad suffered a number of changes to improve instructional results and improve their skills. One alternative change had been the way of improvement of performances that are more naturalistic and child-centered. According to Lovaas (1987), children with autism shows lack of social communication, absent or abnormal speech, intellectual disabilitiesRead MoreApplied Behavioral Analysis993 Words   |  4 PagesApplied Behavioral Analysis Applied Behavioral Analysis Introduction Behavior Analysis emphasizes on the values and principles that explain the process of learning through the development of human beings. Behavior analysis represents scientific approach that understands behavior within the context of occurrence. One of the principles of how learning occurs is positive reinforcement. In the process of implementing reward after behavior, there is a possibility of repetition of the action in theRead MoreTreatment Options Used for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1440 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. The probability of boys being diagnosed is higher compared to girls (Bravaccio et al. 2013)Read MoreEssay about Autism1089 Words   |  5 Pagesplague today’s society, but one of the most serious of those disorders is autism. Autism is not nearly as widely known as the familiar Down’s Syndrome, yet, surprisingly, autism is far more widespread. In fact, autism is the third most common developmental disability, affecting 400,000 people worldwide (Autism Society of America). As of yet there is no cure for this debilitating disorder, only a variety of treatments. Autism is a developmental disability, not a mental illness, that typically appearsRead MoreTreating Autism Spectrum Disorders1025 Words   |  5 PagesAutism spectrum disorders are a class of developmental brain disorders with symptoms that range widely with each affected individual. Autism is a disorder that varies in severity of social interaction and communication that can benefit from the help of different types of treatment. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, autism, pervasive development disorder, and non pervasive developmental disorder are disorders on the autism spectrum with differing levels of intensity. Treatments for autism includeRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1042 Words   |  5 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neural development disorders characterized by patterns of demeanor. This disorder causes difficulties with social, communication and behavior challenges. There are developmental resources that help identify children with ASD at a very early age. 1 in every 88th child will be diagnosed with this disorder. On average, boys are five times more predisposed to have autism than girls. There is no scientific test can be used to test out someone who willRead MoreAutism Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesMr. Van Boening English 12 Block 8 6 October 2014 Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic children experience the world a lot more differently than others. For example, children with autism are not capable of using words, and have a hard time communicating in general by any means. Specific sounds, like loud crashes and yelling, would bother an autistic child that wouldn’t normally bother a child that wasn’t autistic. We need to learn more about autism so we can handle it, as it is the fastest growingRead More Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism has been on the rise in the past 20 years, and is getting dangerously close to reaching epidemic proportions (Zelan, 1). Statistically, Autism rates have been rising in the United States with Autism now effecting 1 in every 150 children ages 10 and younger (Zelan, 1). Autism can occur in any race and does not gender discriminate, though boys are four times more likely to have Autism than girls (Castrogiovanni). The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatmentRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And How It Affects Children1092 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my listeners about Autism spectrum disorder and how it affects children in society today. Central Idea: Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disability that affects very many children in the United States today. Although there is no cure for autism, through early intervention, and proper therapies it can reduce the child’s ASD symptoms and improve their ability to grow and learn new skills. INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material A. Imagine

Climate Change a Myth or a Fact

Question: Describe about the Climate Change a Myth or a Fact. Answer: Climate change can be described as an environmental phenomenon in which the average surface temperature of the earth increases threatening imbalance in the weather conditions. It is also referred as global warming. The Scientists around the world are relentlessly working to find out the reasons behind this change and predicting its future consequences with the help of theoretical models and observations. An overwhelming majority of scientists and environmentalists are of the opinion that climate changes are the result of excessive use fossil fuels by the humans which releases carbon dioxide and other harmful greenhouse gasses which go into the air and alters the climate (Corner, 2012). But there also exists a category of scientists who doubt the assertions of the people who believe that humans are to be blamed for the change in climate and doubt the predominance of their scientific models and evidences. The majority of the climate scientist believes that the primary reason behind the recent changes in climate is the rise in the green house effect. It can be described as the heating effect that is a consequence of the atmosphere trapping the heat which is emanating from the earth towards the outer space. There are a number of specific gasses present in the atmosphere that prevent the heat radiations from the earth to escape. These gasses include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons. Carbon dioxide, though present in small quantity when compared to other gasses, is a significant component of the environment and is emitted through natural processes like human and animal respiration and volcanic eruptions (Rinavati et al., 2013). A lot of human activities also lead to the emission of the gas like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Continental drifts are also considered as a reason behind the climatic changes. The continents which we are aware of today were formed millions of years back when there was gradual drifting in the landmass. This process of drifting exists even today which changes the direction of winds and ocean currents which ultimately affect the climate. Volcanic eruptions can also be blamed for the change in climatic conditions when it emits huge quantities of dust, water vapor, and sculpture dioxide. Even though the volcanic activities last for very few days, they can have an impact on the earth and its climatic condition for years (Seinfeild Pandis, 2012). The ocean current is a huge reason behind the change in earths climatic patterns. The oceanic water bodies amount to 71 percent of the earth and absorb the suns radiation way more than the land surface or the atmosphere. It is widely accepted fact that the ocean currents change their direction. The heat which is radiated from the oceans transforms into water vapor, which is one of the most prominent green house gasses on earth. Scientists predict that the constant change in climate conditions will make the earth warmer on an average. The effect may vary among the different regions, but the warming effect is definite. Such warmer conditions will result in increasing rates in the evaporation making some regions wetter and the others dryer (Parmesan et al., 2013). The greenhouse effect is likely to heat the oceans and result in the melting of glaciers which eventually leads to the rise in the sea level. The effects of climate change also threaten the human and animal survival on earth. However, some scientists are of the opinion that the scenario might not be as they are promoted to be. They claim that there is a huge difference between long term and long term variability in the earth's climatic change. Weather is all about the day to day changes in the clouds, temperature and the level of precipitation (Ruddiman, 2013).In an attempt to examine the climate change, the scientists usually tend to measure the change in climate patterns of a place in the due course of many years; wherein weather forecasts should involve a five to ten days span of time period. It is said that the change in climate causes a rise in the sea level. If that were really the case, it would have been apparent by now. It has been a long time since the scientists have been predicting such a change but there is no scientific or real evidence backing the argument. The rise in the sea level could be due to the melting of massive ice blocks. This is a natural process, and the climate can't be blamed for it. The mass extinction of species is also linked to global warming or the change in climatic patterns (Bellard et al., 2012). But the reality can be better explained in term of nature, where it is extremely obvious and natural for some species to go extinct. The claim that carbon dioxide is a major pollutant and leads to change in the climate is also considered as a myth by a category of scientists. 80% of the atmosphere is made up by Nitrogen. It is also impossible to live in an atmosphere which has 100% of nitrogen. As harmful as nitrogen can get in that situation, carbon dioxide is not that harmful as a pollutant. Carbon dioxide is a valuable gas which fosters the life on earth. Scientist are of the opinion that carbon the fertilization of carbon dioxide will lead to the rise in the value of crop production in the next thirty years to come (Wheeler brown, 2013). The change in climatic patterns is widely promoted by scientists as a result of natural as well as human-induced processes. This claim is often debated by a minority of scientists who believe that the change in climate are a natural discourse and have been taking place since time immemorial. The greatest reason behind the alterations in the weather is blamed upon the green house emissions, volcanic eruptions, and deforestation. Such statements are often debated over their validity forwarding arguments which deny the harmful nature of carbon dioxide as a gas, and they are actually helpful in fostering the growth of human, animal and plant life on earth. It can only be left on the course of time to tell whether the change in climate is a fact or a myth. Critical Reflection Turnitin is an electronic matching system that compares text in the assignment against database of sources. The above paper required submission of the report through Turnitin. The primary aim and benefit of Turnitin is to check the similarity or plagiarism through the internet. After I prepared the critical essay, I uploaded the paper on Turnitin including the runner, footer and the referencing page. My experience with Turnitin was great as I benefitted with the prompts provided to re-evaluate my piece of work. The first report showed a Plagiarism of 23% that was reduced by me as it raised awareness. The Turnitin report also enabled the sources of plagiarism from both publications and internet that helped me in making necessary modifications and reducing the plagiarism rate. I am pleased with the Turnitin experience as it has helped in switching to a digital platform for writing better papers. Turnitin has a feature called PeerMark that helped me in providing a comprehensive peer edi ting feedback. The system also helped me in running mechanics and grammar check. However, a significant challenge involved with the electronic system is that it requires an internet connection and cannot run in offline mode. References: Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., Courchamp, F. (2012). Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity.Ecology letters,15(4), 365-377. Bindoff, N. L., Stott, P. A., AchutaRao, M., Allen, M. R., Gillett, N., Gutzler, D., ... Mokhov, I. I. (2013). Detection and attribution of climate change: from global to regional. Christensen, J. H., Kanikicharla, K. K., Marshall, G., Turner, J. (2013). Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change. Corner, A., Whitmarsh, L., Xenias, D. (2012). Uncertainty, scepticism and attitudes towards climate change: biased assimilation and attitude polarisation.Climatic change,114(3-4), 463-478. Fankhauser, S. (2013).Valuing climate change: the economics of the greenhouse. Routledge. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R. (2012). Perception of climate change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(37), E2415-E2423. Parmesan, C., Burrows, M. T., Duarte, C. M., Poloczanska, E. S., Richardson, A. J., Schoeman, D. S., Singer, M. C. (2013). Beyond climate change attribution in conservation and ecological research.Ecology letters,16(s1), 58-71. Poloczanska, E. S., Brown, C. J., Sydeman, W. J., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D. S., Moore, P. J., ... Duarte, C. M. (2013). Global imprint of climate change on marine life.Nature Climate Change,3(10), 919-925. Rinawati, F., Stein, K., Lindner, A. (2013). Climate change impacts on biodiversitythe setting of a lingering global crisis.Diversity,5(1), 114-123. Ruddiman, W. F. (Ed.). (2013).Tectonic uplift and climate change. Springer Science Business Media. Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N. (2012).Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. John Wiley Sons. Starck, W. (2008). Global Warming-Myth, Threat or Opportunity?. Weber, E. U. (2006). Experience-based and description-based perceptions of long-term risk: Why global warming does not scare us (yet).Climatic Change,77(1-2), 103-120. Wheeler, T., von Braun, J. (2013). Climate change impacts on global food security.Science,341(6145), 508-513.

Les Demoiselles De Avignon Essays - Visual Arts, Modern Art, Arts

Les Demoiselles De Avignon Les Demoiselles d?Avignon by Josh McDonnell As strolled through New York City?s Museum of Modern Art , one particular painting grabbed me , shook me , then through me to the ground to contemplate its awesome power. Like a whirlwind of art , Les Demoiselles d?Avignon , by Pablo Picasso , sent my emotions spinning. I felt extremely uncomfortable glancing at it , let alone staring at it closely for twenty minutes. The raw sexuality and tension that Les Demoiselles d?Avignon radiated was absolutely overwhelming yet very confusing. Other art lovers in the room also expressed discomfort as they glanced at the enormous 96x92 inch painting. Most people would only allow quick glances in between long stares at the more typical paintings on the other walls. I even heard one girl remark ?it?s so gross!!? in a nervous and uncertain voice. I had to know why Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was doing this to me and the others in the room. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was the product of an irritated and restless Pablo Picasso. In 1906 , Picasso began to tire of painting in the fairly traditional manner that governed his paintings up to Les Demoiselles d?Avignon. His solution was to revolutionize painting.1 Why was Picasso unsatisfied with traditional painting? Essentially Picasso?s overall dissatisfaction for sticking with anything for a long period caused him to take up the difficult quest of revolutionizing painting. He was known to constantly change the styles and mediums through which he created his art. Andre Salmon, a poet and friend Picasso, was once quoted as accusing Picasso of ?trying to force his friends to speculate on the whole problem of art every time they took a brush in their hands.? 2 This quote is very telling of Picasso?s need to change and solve artistic problems. In 1906 he abandoned the painting traditions that stretched all the way back to the Renaissance , and began Les Demoiselles d?Avignon. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was the product of intense study. The comments of Salmon , shed light on the intensity of the project; ?....He became uneasy , He turned his canvases to the wall and threw down his paintbrushes. For many long days and nights , he drew....Never was labor less rewarded with joy , and without his former youthful enthusiasm Picasso undertook a large canvas that was intended to be the fruit of his experiments.? 3 Every aspect of the painting was carefully planned and executed. One might compare his trial and error method to that of a scientific experiment. His study began in late 1906. Over the next year Les Demoiselles d?Avignon?s details went through many changes and modifications. In Picasso?s own words; According to my first idea, there were also going to be men in the painting. There was a student holding a skull, and a sailor. The women were eating--that explains the basket of fruit that is still in the painting. Then it changed and became what it is now. P icasso eventually decided to exclude the two male figures , as he felt they were trying to present some kind of moral to the painting.4 Instead he focused on the five nude female figures that we see today. It is important to note that Picasso hated the title Les Demoiselles d?Avignon. Originally he did not have a title in mind for the painting. The name was created by his friend Andre Salmon He felt that Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was much to gentle. It detracted from the harsh and ugly reality that the painting represented.5 Eventually he accepted the name due to his friends constant use of it. Picasso finally finished the work in July of 1907. He of course invited all his closest friends to take a look at his revolutionary painting. His friends , whom were considered contemporary avante-garde painters and connoisseurs , were shocked. Gertrude Stein was speechless. Shchukin ,the Russian art collector cried ,What a loss for French art!. His future partner in cubism commented that pai nting in such a way was as bad as drinking petrol in the hope of spitting fire. Matisse had the most violent reaction. He swore revenge on what he called a barbaric mockery of modern painting. The