Suicide Bombing Essay Example for Free

Self destruction Bombing Essay Self destruction fear based oppression isn't for the most part the result of Islamic fundamentalism or some other abhorrence philosophy free of situation. The world head in self destruction fear based oppression is the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka theyre a Marxist gathering, a mainstream gathering, a Hindu gathering. The Tamil Tigers have submitted more self destruction psychological oppressor assaults than Hamas or Islamic Jihad. Rather, what in excess of 95 percent of all self destruction fear based oppressor assaults since 1980 share practically speaking are not religion, yet a particular common objective: to propel present day majority rule governments to pull back military powers from the domain the psychological militants see as their country. From Lebanon to Chechnya to Kashmir to Sri Lanka toward the West Bank, each self destruction fear based oppressor crusade since 1980 has had as its fundamental target to urge a vote based state to pull back battle powers from an area that the psychological oppressors prize. Generally are authoritative persuaded and enthusiasm and strictly inspiration are two unique edges of same picture. Strict talk may help convince aggressors that their motivation is either fundamental or respectable, and that lauds or renames self destruction as affliction, however it doesn't clarify why self destruction assailants pick that specific strategy. These can be clarified by considering some different components like individual, hierarchical, ecological and injury based inspirations. Self destruction Bombing is a demonstration of brutality that executes the aggressor himself notwithstanding onlookers, however that additionally speaks to a strategy of fear based oppressor associations. The plane sees in his psyche that by dehumanizing others he will get additional prizes like the radicals and aficionados of strict portions think; by giving their life they would be allowed to enter the paradise. Some different reasons which mentally impact the psyche of a fear based oppressors are close to home inspiration, hierarchical, ecological, injury based inspirations. Associations give the methods, strategies and gathering self-spurred key self destruction fear mongering tasks and frequently the belief system too. They emerge from an unpredictable blend of social and political conditions, mental and strict setting and exchange between the activities, feelings and talk of dread gatherings, their voting public and the apparent oppressor/foe. When taking a gander at the inspirations on the authoritative level we should recognize that dread supporting associations are to a great extent political in their inspirations and resort to fear based oppression when other political arrangements have fizzled and to self destruction psychological warfare when a particular situation exist. At the point when one considers the self destruction dread gatherings employments of religion to persuade people to join to pass on, it bodes well. Any devotee of any confidence who is convinced of the will demonstration in unprecedented manners. Its history portrays that in south India, in the late eleventh century, the nearby Kulasekhara realm had exceptional self-destructive crews to battle against their strong neighbors, the Cholas. These Nair warriors were exceptionally prepared in alleged Kalaris. These Nair race later changed as the leaders of the area, and in war festivlas like Mamankam, they were still being used aganist the Zamorin leaders of Calicut. In the late seventeenth century, Qing official Yu Yonghe recorded that harmed Dutch troopers battling against Koxingas powers for control of Taiwan in 1661 would go through black powder to blow both themselves and their adversaries as opposed to be taken prisoner. Be that as it may, the Chinese onlooker may have confounded such self-destructive strategies with the standard Dutch military act of sabotaging and exploding positions as of late overwhelm by the foe which nearly cost Koxinga his life during the attack. During the Belgian Revolution, Dutch Lieutenant Jan van Speijk exploded his own boat in the harbor of Antwerp to forestall its catch by the Belgians. Another model was the Prussian warrior Karl Klinke on 18 April 1864 at the Battle of Dybbol, who kicked the bucket puncturing a Danish stronghold. In the eighteenth century John Paul Jones expounded on Ottoman mariners setting their own boats ablaze and slamming the boats of their adversaries, in spite of the fact that they knew this implied unavoidable demise for them. Present day self destruction shelling as a political apparatus can be followed back to the death of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1881. Alexander succumbed to a Nihilist plot. While driving on one of the focal lanes ofSaint Petersburg, close to the Winter Palace, he was mortally injured by the blast of hand-made projectiles and passed on a couple of hours a short time later. The Tsar was executed by an individual from Narodnaya Volya,Ignacy Hryniewiecki, who kicked the bucket while deliberately detonating the bomb during the assault. Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff expected to kill Adolf Hitler by self destruction bomb in 1943, yet couldn't finish the assault. During the Battle for Berlin the Luftwaffe flew Selbstopfereinsatz against Soviet scaffolds over the Oderriver. These missions were flown by pilots of the Leonidas Squadron under the order of Lieutenant Colonel Heiner Lange. From 17 April until 20 April 1945, utilizing any airplane that were accessible, the Luftwaffe asserted that the unit wrecked 17 extensions; anyway the military student of history Antony Beevor when expounding on the episode imagines this was overstated and that lone the railroad connect at Kustrin was certainly pulverized. He remarks that thirty-five pilots and airplane was a significant expense to pay for such a restricted and transitory achievement. The missions were canceled when the Soviet ground powers arrived at the region of the groups airbase at Juterbog. Following World War II, Viet Minh demise volunteers battled against the French Colonial Forces by utilizing a long stick-like hazardous to demolish French tanks. It has out of nowhere taken off out of control spreading from Lebanon to Palestine, Sri Lanka, Chechnya, Morocco, Indonesia, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Iraq and now tragically in any event, beginning in Europe and European reared aircraft presently in any event, focusing on Europe itself. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) completes its first self destruction besieging at the Nelliady armed force camp murdering 40 security power (SF) work force. May 21st 1911 Former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and 18 people are executed by a female self destruction aircraft in the town of Sriperumbudur, around 30 miles from Chennai, capital of the southern State of Tamil Nadu. This was the historical backdrop of self destruction bombarding which shows that none of them were moved reason for Islam. The psychological oppressor accept he is in an extraterrestrial fight, including whole-world destroying powers which will clear out either his side or the other, thus testing a war of guard; He ought to dehumanize and his foes by considering them to be the adversaries of God; In joining the gathering and taking on its qualities and lessons, he has taken in the brain of God is approved to act in the fight by the desire of God; The fight wherein he is battling is for consecrated qualities and he should go to exceptional intends to annihilate and spot out those he sees as criminals even guiltless regular folks who he accepts are disrupting the general flow of and affronting God’s will. It might be vital that self destruction planes for the most part are fairly youthful guys between the ages of 18 and 27. This reality is pivotal for various reasons. In the first place, it is the age when testosterone takes off. Studies altogether connected testosterone creation to strength direction in guys. At the point when the craving to overwhelm is fulfilled, high testosterone isn't identified with an ascent in forcefulness, anyway when such want is baffled it brings about expanded likelihood of forceful reaction against oneself or others. The primary inspirational set is an injury based and happens inside zones of dynamic clash. It is frequently: nationalistic; saw as far as self and network protection; expressive in regards to distributing equity to the apparent adversary occupier; and incorporates demonstrations of vengeance. The people inspired inside this set have seen firsthand and over the TV their neighbors, relatives and friends and family executed by what they see as a possessing power. Many have grown up seeing incalculable demonstrations of savagery and accordingly have not grown regularly and frequently experience the ill effects of posttraumatic stress and dissociative issue. Many have lost positions, instructive chances, been embarrassed, and frequently battle for fundamental day by day needs and security. While most of damaged people in strife zones won't become self destruction planes regardless of whether welcomed to do as such, a very little gathering will get powerless against psychological militant philosophies that advance this strategy. While self destruction psychological warfare is arranged and executed by people who are individuals from associations, gatherings, or cells, these two levels are thusly affected by more extensive natural conditions that incorporate the political, social, chronicled, social, monetary, and strict setting. Plainly, a portion of these sub-components of the more extensive condition are more applicable sometimes than in others. Robert Pape, a political theory teacher at the University of Chicago and an eminent master on self destruction fear mongering, contends in his new book Dying To Win that albeit Islamic fundamentalism is by all accounts the conspicuous essential diver for self destruction psychological oppression, at any rate half of the self destruction psychological oppressor assaults during the period 1980-2003 were not related with Muslim fundamentalists. The conviction for the solid connection between Islamic fundamentalism and self destruction psychological warfare, Pape says, has powered the conviction that to keep away from future assaults like those of 11 September 2001, there is a pressing requirement for an extreme change of Muslim social orders. In any case, this assumed association between self destruction psychological warfare and Islamic fundamentalism is misdirecting and perhaps promising residential and international strategies that are probably going to intensify Americas circumstance. Among 1980 and the finish of 2003 there were 315 self destruction fear monger acts. The general chief is the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, a common gathering battling to set up a free state. As indicated by certain records, the T

Achieving the NAEYC Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accomplishing the NAEYC Standards - Essay Example I satisfied this guideline. I got the chance to comprehend what little youngsters resemble; comprehended what impacts their turn of events; and utilized this comprehension to make extraordinary situations where all kids can flourish. During my entry level position, I participated in different deliberate exercises whereby I connected by and by with singular youngsters. For example, in the main day I hold a kid who is five months, and he was crying; I sat with him and played with him by utilizing distinctive toys, and I utilized a toy to show him the hues (red, green, yellow, and blue.) The principal couple of weeks was educational and fabricated square all through the whole entry level position; I watched a ton. It is significant for any expert educator to become more acquainted with and build up a comprehension of youngsters in their homeroom. These perceptions helped me get a more profound perspective on the reasoning and thinking aptitudes these kids had. Subsequently, it gave me a simpler time making any game that would point them the correct way, for example, I made a traffic light which helped them to comprehend what they saw each day on the road when they went to the school. I put it in the outside play and, I clarified that red methods stop, yellow methods delayed down, and green methods go. At that point, they imagined that they were the police officers who controlled the traffic. They were exceptionally dynamic and glad, and they cherished it. Accordingly, through the touchy nature the basic it was to meet their adapting needs and build up a profitable and comfortable condition for instructing and learning.

The things that can change your life

The things that can change your life… Meh. My last, like, three or four ideas for entries have not quite panned out. Oops. However, I am finally going to write this entry, which I intended to write a week ago, between now and the party tonight! I dont remember if I have ever told this story here before. If so, it was long enough ago that few of you were reading my blog. A little bit of context: Last weekend I walked out to an apartment in Cambridgeport for the party of Peeto 01 and his lovely fiancee Meaghan. Hes one of our zanier alums, and thats from a hall that has a lot of them. I hear, in the stories told by people who were around back then (including him) that when he showed up on campus as a freshman, he was very different. Clean-cut Pete 01, who lived in New House. According to him, they were nice people, but he didnt have much in common with them. Then he got a little crazier, started calling himself Peeto de la Noche, and moved to 5th East, into the smallest room in East Campus. There were three different parties going on that night, and the other two were a lot closer, but I didnt want to miss the chance to go say hello to Peeto. You see, Peeto is probably the reason that I ended up on 5th East, which has changed my life in all sorts of profound ways. When I was a new frosh, I was temped on 1st East with Crystle 07. I seriously considered transferring to Random Hall, but in the end decided to stay at EC. Then came hall rush. We had decided we wanted to stay roommates, and our top choice halls were 3rd East and 1st East. 5th East was, I think, 9th on our pre-hall rush list. But we wanted to do hall rush the way it was supposed to be done, not to mention get to know the halls of our new dorm, so we decided to visit each hall. We went through them in an orderly progression 1st through 5th West, then 1st through 5th East. When we got up to 5th East, we started walking nervously through the dark hallway. We had entered from the Walcott side, which is not where people tend to concentrate, so we didnt see anyone at first. Right before we got to where Walcott changes into Bemis, we came upon a short, stocky young man with a black tank top, long pretty blond hair (Ive always thought Peeto looked slightly like Legolas from the Lord of the Rings movies, with the long blond hair and elvishly-shaped face, only much shorter and more muscular. Elf meets wrestler meets punk rocker), and a big grin. He started chatting with us. I remember that we talked about musical tastes. He had already said that he played in a band and was a big punk rock fan, so Crystle was afraid that he would think she was a poser because she liked Weezer. No, I love Weezer! he exclaimed, and they started talking about their favorite songs. He talked about a few of his experiences on 5th East. We talked about how wed enjoyed Dorm Rush and the other halls, and he gave us some practical advice about life at MIT, only one tidbit of which I remember clearly. If a guy offers to install Athena on your computer, hes hitting on you. If he offers to install Debian on your computer, hes really hitting on you! Then Beth 05, who is awesome, joined us in the hallway. Wow, we thought. We misjudged this hall! It has the coolest people! Of all our visits to the different halls during hall rush, 5th East is the only one where I remember more than about a one minute segment, nearly two and a half years later. We still werent sure about living on a smoking hall (this turned out to be not nearly as big a problem as wed expected), but we moved 5th East up from 9th to 5th in our rankings. It was the only hall that moved more than two spots in either direction from where wed originally put it. Now, these days, were popular, and no way would anyone who put us 5th get us. But back then, we were not popular, and nobody put the hall higher than 4th. And there were tons of empty rooms that needed to be filled. So thats where we ended up. They wanted us, and it turned out to be the right place for both of us. But if it werent for our encounter with Peeto, I doubt wed have gotten it, because we would have put it so far down that thered be no way wed have been put there. And my life would have been very, very different. Im glad that it turned out the way it did. I like some of the older people, the ones who went here years ago, because they have really interesting perspective, or theyre very supportive, or they accomplished huge things in the activities that have become my hobbies, or theyre just nice people. Or something else. Or some combination of the above. I like Peeto because (in addition to being nice) hes wild and crazy and spontaneous and unexpected and doesnt hesitate to say Screw you and laugh at people when theyre being ridiculous and is in general a breath of fresh air. I wonder if hell show up at the party tonight and try to ride my unicycle down the hallway. I always put it out at parties, and like many, many, other people, hes never gotten beyond the Crash promptly into the wall stage of proficiency, which is one step beyond the also-popular Fall off before getting on properly stage. :) I hope you guys enjoyed my story. Next one will (I hope) have pictures! Cute pictures! Stay tuned

Important Architecture Styles

The Rise Of Mental Illness Essay - 1596 Words

The rise of mental illness is upon us, but this is nothing new. We have become exposed to different illnesses in the media, particularly films. No one bats an eye at the validity of a teenager being diagnosed with brain cancer, but people refuse to accept their family member having a mental disorder. Popular culture tends to associate persons with mental disorders as â€Å"crazy† and â€Å"dangerous†, and we accept these characteristics and do not question them. This becomes dangerous when judges or jurors in a courtroom also begin to adopt this ideology. In â€Å"The Myth of Mental Illness in the Movies and Its Impact on Forensic Psychology†, L.E.A. Walker et al. observe how the adverse portrayals of psychological disorders in films negatively influence public perceptions toward the mentally ill and, as a result, effect the outcome of court cases. I agree with Walker et al.’s point about the roles in these movies being so powerful that people generalize a ll sufferers of psychological illness into the same category and it is the duty of psychologists to normalize people’s views. I believe Walker et al.’s writing helps bring to light the stigma associated with psychological illnesses and how our duty is to help set the record straight. First, this paper will evaluate Walker et al.’s examples of characters in films and incorporate additional examples of negative representation. Then, I will broaden Walker et al.’s scope to also include print media rather than solely films and court cases.Show MoreRelatedThe Cost Of Not Caring For Those With Mental Illness1498 Words   |  6 PagesCaring for those with Mental Illness Mental health issues are on the rise, especially among the youth, 6 out of 10 young people do not receive mental health treatment for major depression. Currently, there are over 40 million Americans are dealing with a mental health issue and 56 percent of them are not receiving proper treatment. (mentalhealthAmerica). In addition, 33 percent of all homeless individuals have a mental illness and do not receive treatment. With the rise of mental health issues, theRead MoreMental Illness Persuasive Speech Outline762 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech Mental Illness in the College Campus Introduction 1) Quote: Stigma is shame. Shame causes silence. Silence hurts us all. 2) Thesis: Mental Illness in colleges needs to be addressed because of the rise in college students being diagnosed in mental health problems. 3) Reconnect with Audience: What do you think is the numbers of people in America have a mental illness? According to the US Nation Library of Medicine and National Institutes found that 1 in 4 adults have a mental illness. 4) PREVIEW:Read MoreOne Social Issue That Has Not Gotten Much Attention Until1357 Words   |  6 PagesOne social issue that has not gotten much attention until the past few years is mental illness. Playwrights recently started creating works that feature characters with mental illnesses. One such play is The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime by Simon Stephen, based on the book of the same name by Mark Haddon. This story follows an autistic boy named Christopher and his investigation to not only figure out who killed the neighbor’s dog but also understand his family. During the play, itRead MoreAbnormal Psychology - Behaviour That Is Not Socially Acceptable962 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological state that is harmful to the individual or others Person with an illness, on medication, deviates from the norm Study of illnesses, mental disorders that the DSM-IV does not recognize as normal Myths and Misconceptions No single definition of psychological abnormality No single definition of psychological normality Many myths are associated with mental illness {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Read MoreThe Rise of Anxiety Disorder Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesAs the world leaps into the future, it seems that mental illness is becoming more of a problem among many people. One of the most common types of illnesss among the current population is anxiety disorders. It is evident that there is a rise of anxiety disorder among the Western World. There are three main factors that contribute to this, they include our education system, technology and media, and the treatment and decreasing criticism anxiety patients receive. In recent years, it has become aRead MoreThe Between The Underworld And The Orderly World1424 Words   |  6 Pagesgrips with his sane persona. At the end of the movie Beckert’s power over society, established through the high crane shots, has disappeared as well. During his trial, he pleads with the court to acknowledge that his killings are a result of a mental illness. The tables have turned from the start of the film and the people now control the fate of Beckert’s fate,. This being represented through the camera looking down on Beckert as he begs for mercy on his hands and knees (Appendix F). Another nuanceRead MoreChildren With Mental Health Illnesses Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesby 2015/2016, following this the allocated budget for PIP was reduced by 20%. Having to prove eligibility for certain benefits is in itself a barrier for people with mental health illnesses, as the process of having to explain how and why they satisfy the eligibility criteria, which, is mainly aimed at physical needs and not mental health needs to someone they do not know under assessment conditions can be discouraging. Additionally, if a claimant is unsuccessful, appealing against the decision canRead MoreJail Diversion Programs : Prison Diversion Program1434 Words   |  6 Pages Jail Diversion Programs Aja Ferguson Chaminade University Jail Diversion Programs Introduction Jail diversion is a mental health platform explicitly premeditated to isolate and divert individuals with mental health, substance abuse disorders or both from the criminal justice system into a need-specific treatment in the mental health system. Specifically, the program provides linkages to community-based treatment and support services to assist the individual in reducing deviant behavior. ForRead MoreThe Medical Model Of Psychopathology962 Words   |  4 PagesApproaches 2001 it was a common view of mental illness in Enlightenment Europe, until the locks to better understanding of mental illness were broken free by the knowledge and clearer understanding of French doctor Philippe Pinell (1745-1826), who mentored Jean-Etienne dominique Esquirol (1772-1840), who was able to â€Å"formally distinguished between the insane, the mentally deficient, and the criminal† (Joseph 1997). According to the medical model, the causes of mental illness may be biological in nature, orRead MoreIs American Society Breed Mental Illness?1250 Words   |  5 PagesNation of Anxiety Does American Society Breed Mental Illness? Over the past couple decades, disabling mental illness has drastically increased in the United States. Among these, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association Of America, GAD is characterized by persistent, excessive, and unrealistic worry about everyday things. This disorder is often linked with other anxiety disorders, such as depression and panic

Life is beautiful Free Essays

The main aspects that the film covers are the importance of love and family, the role f imagination and the resilience of the human spirit. Therefore, in the movie â€Å"Life is Beautiful† the director shows Guides personal commitment to being both a protector of innocence for Joshua and a loving husband to Dora that is, at times, essential to filter other people’s prejudices in order to be true to who you are. The director shows through Odor’s character on how we present ourselves, gets taken in two different ways by people, either in a positive or negative way. We will write a custom essay sample on Life is beautiful or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some could be against the prejudice or for it that despite on who’s in charge. To Dora, Guide was a hero, but to he Nazis he was nothing more than a dog. To Guide, the Nazis were of no consequence; only the lives of his beloved concerned him. Guides Interests were Dora and making her life into something that no one will ever expect; a magical life full of happiness. For Instance, the romantic, funny scene where Guide only looks at Dora instead of the Opera show, shows how Guide forgets everyone around him and only stares at the one he loves, Just like how he did not care what happens to him the moment he needed to find Dora before the German guards did. He did not care what he Nazis did to everyone but all Guide needed to do was find Dora and protect his son, like any husband or father will do for his family. Nazis were only brutal because they were following the orders of their superiors and a leader who was showing hatred towards the Jews; but Dora was not because she was her own person and she Is not the type of person to hate other people because of their culture, which Is why Dora was not that much worry on what happens about being married to a Jews. She wanted to be happy, that Is what Guide made sure that Is what happens In Odor’s life very day. Racism, negative comments, Ignorance and hatred affects not Just one’s moral values but also their Identity. Many times Individuals struggle while dealing with prejudice and end up causing self-harm. In this film however, we experience Guilds character In a complete opposite way. Guide Is the type of person who does not choose the path of self- harm but bottles up his emotions Just to see his family alive and happy. For Instance when, he Is forced to carry anvil up the stairs on a dally basis at the camp, he knows that If he asks for a reprieve, he will be killed, and as a season, fall his son and everything he Is working for. Even though he Is weak and dreadfully tired every day, Guide still puts on a smile and carries on the facade whenever Joshua was near. He never allows his son to get the sense that something Is horribly wrong. Guide wouldn’t react to pain and he wouldn’t show his sorrows whenever Joshua was near. He was suffering deep wealth him but due to his love for his son, he managed to laugh even while In Immense pain. Even when Guide was being taken to the corner to be shot, Guide still managed to march â€Å"playfully so as to the game. Guide never let any opportunity occur where his son can start to question his true intentions and reason for lying; he never even let on to Joshua that he was lying. Through the feeling that Dora, his wife, knew that Guide would never allow for their son to face any challenges alone. During the scene where Guide and Joshua speak over the speakers, it was a way to assure Dora that they are both safe and that Guide has fulfilled all the duties as a father by making sure that Joshua is protected from the Germans. Guide was always seen as a hero to Dora, even if others did not UT that did not let Guide stop from believing what is right or wrong. Humans show their true colors and emotions to those who understand its value. However, this differs from age to age. When it comes to children, they tend to be kept hidden from the surrounding negativity only to protect their very innocence that is cherished by all. Throughout the train ride and upon arrival at the dismal camp, Guides only aim was to protect his son from the horror which surrounded them. He invents an elaborate game, requiring silence and complete dedication in order to gain the mints necessary to win. Guide didn’t want Joshua to know the full truth of racism and hate that occurs on a regular basis around them but instead wants him to know that everyone is equal despite their beliefs. All Guide wanted was to show to his son that nothing is different between Jews and the supposed Aryans. Aryans were considered the supreme beings for having blond hair and blue eyes and free of all external disease, whereas a person with the same internal characteristics but different external appearance were considered less of a human. Once they reach the bunks at he concentration camp, and an opportunity presents itself to Guide to preserve Joshua innocence, he leaps at the chance. He is asked to translate for the German Nazi the rules of the camp, although he doesn’t speak German; instead makes it appear to his son that the guard is explaining the rules of the supposed game. This was extremely risky for Guide, as it could land him straight in front of the barrel of a gun, but his intention was primal and he was concerned only of his son’s safety. He hid the true reality and their predicament from Joshua for the sole reason of reserving his innocence, and hopefully provide a chance at survival. If Joshua truly knew of the events that occurred all around them on a daily basis, he would have started to hate his father for the wrong reasons. One of the motives Guide could have had for his actions may have been his desire to not have his son, his flesh and blood hate him – for being a Jew, and passing that on to his son. He wanted Joshua to love him for who he is as a human being and not for the faith he believes in. Guide intention was to fulfill the role and responsibilities as a father towards his son. Guide is scared of the concentration camp and the Nazis but he holds himself together for the benefit of his son, demonstrating courage and heroism when dealing with fear. He loves his son so much that he shields him from the harsh reality of life at that time. This shows that love has the power to conquer all. In conclusion, â€Å"Life is Beautiful† is an inspirational film that shows the cruel and hate of many Aryans towards the Jews. Throughout the film you see the different ways racism, and negative comments are being spread towards the Jews as a way to make them feel sees important. It’s also about the power of one individual to filter out other people’s thoughts and negatively comments in order to be true to who you really are. Just how even though she could have stayed back due to her religious, she choice to be where her family is. The director also shows through Guide the power of being protective to his son and a lovely husband to Dora, at the same time flattering out negative comments around him for the better of his family. â€Å"Life is beautiful â€Å"has touched the hearts of many viewers and continues to do so. How to cite Life is beautiful, Essays

Strategic Marketing Problems Study Guide free essay sample

Midterm Exam Study Guide, Spring, 2014 Chapter 1: Foundations of Strategic Marketing Management Role of marketing in the strategic planning function Primary purpose of marketing is to create long-term mutually beneficial exchange relationships between an entity and the publics with which it interacts Product-Market Strategy Selection A recurrent issue in strategic marketing management is determining the consistency of product-markets strategies with the organization’s definition, mission and capabilities, market capacity and behavior, environmental forces, and competitive activities Strategic marketing process steps: Business, mission, goals a. What kind of business are we in? b. Compliments the definition. Written statement hat underscored ths scope of an org’s operations in its definition and reflects managements vision of what the org seeks to do i. Crystallizes managements vision of the org’s long term direction and character ii. Provides guidance in identifying, purusing, and evaluationg market and prduct opps iii. Inspire and challenge employees to do things that are valued by the org c. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Marketing Problems: Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Goals convert the orgs mission into tangible actions and results to be achieved within a certain time frame 2. Organizational growth opportunities a. What might we do- environment opp. Unmet or changing consumer needs, unsatisfied buyer groups, and new means of tech for delivering value to prospective buyers b. What we do best- org capability and competency. Distinctive competency is what they UNIQUELY do best c. What must we do- success requirements in certain industries to be able to even slightly compete 3. Product-market strategies, including both growth strategies and marketing tactics Budgets a. Formal statement of plan in financial terms i. Operating- pro forma income statement because it is made up of futurerevenues and expenses ii. Financial- how to operating income statement will affect thte company’s cash position 5. Reformulation/recovery strategies a. Marketing audit- examination of company’s marketing environ, objectives, and strats to determine problem areas and opps and recommend a plan of action to improve the company’s marketing performance b. Are we doi ng things right, are we doing the right things? And the what ifs SWOT analysis formal framework for identifying and framing organizational growth opportunities S = strength W = weakness O = opportunity T = threat What strengths are distinctive competencies? What weaknesses disqualify the org from pursuing certain opps? Product-market grid and strategies (market penetration, market development, product development, diversification) product-market strategies consist of plans for matching an org existing or potential offerings with the needs of mkts, informing mkts that offerings exist, having offerings available at the right time and place to facilitate exchange, and assigning prices to offerings product market grid Market-Penetration. Strategydictates that an org seeks to gain greater dominance in a mkt in which it already has an offering involves attempts to increase present buyers’ usage or consumption rates of the offering, to attract buyers of competiting offeringss, or to stimulate product trial among potential customers marketing managers should consider a number of factors before adopting a penetration strategy: must examine market growth must consider competitive reaction must consider the capacity of the market to increase usage or consumption rates and the availabilty of new buyers Marketing Development Strategydictates that an org introduces its existing offerings to markets other than those it is currently serving examples include introducing existing products to different geographical areas or different buying publics mix of mkt activities used must often be varied to reach different markets with differing buying patterns and requirements marketing development involves a careful consideration o f competitor strengths and weaknesses and competitive retaliation potential mkt development in the international arena has grown in importance and usually takes 1/4 forms: exporting licensing joint venture direct investment Product-Development Strategy dictates that the org creates new offerings for existing markets approach taken may be to develop totally new offerings to enhance the value to customers of existing offerings or to broaden the existing line of fferings by adding different sizes, forms, flavors, and so forth (product extension) companies successful at developing and commercializing new offerings lead their industries in sales growth and profitability companies liklihood of success is increased if its product-development effort results in offerings that satisfy a clearly understood buyer need toy industry qualities:lasting play value ability to be shared with other children ability to stimulate a child’s imagination successful commercialization occurs when the offering can be communicated and delivered to a well-defined buyer group at a price it is willing and able to pay cannibalism occurs when sales of a new product or service come at the expense of sales of existing products or s ervices already marketed by the firm. Diversificationinvolves the development or acquisition of offerings new to the organization and the introduction of those offerings to publics not previously served by the organization diversification is often a high-risk strategy because both the offerings and the public or market served are new to the org Ethics and social responsibility should permeate every aspect stated above must do the right thing even if it may end up hurting your position in the org failure to recognize issues and to take action is the least ethical thing you can do—don’t ignore Anheeuser-Bush- Drink responsibly

Araby by James Joyce

In the story â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce the use of darkness and blindness is symbolic. It is a symbol of insight in Araby (Araby 1). He described the residence of the boy as blind: â€Å"North Richmond Street, being blind†¦An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end† (James 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Araby by James Joyce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This symbolizes the blindness of the area of residence and the house in which he lives. The narrator was sometimes playing with his friends till late in the evening. During one such plays, she got the attention of a girl, Mangan’s sister who was his age mate. The young boys gave attention to the girl. The narrator however was caught by her thoughts and always found himself thinking about her. He said, â€Å"Every morning I lay on the floor in the front palour watching her door† (James 1). The narrator was b linded by the beauty of Mangan’s sister. He always had her image in his mind. In the busy areas such as the market her name came out into his mouth that he even said prayers which he could not understand. Love was a mystery to this boy. For many times he had many chances to talk to the girl, but never did he express his love to her. The narrator is new to the love of a girl and does not know how to handle her. The boy was blinded by the beauty of this girl such that he could not see other important things. He could imagine the girls company as he walked to the shop with his aunt. This was a symbol of mixed symbolism of the Christian and the romantic or Oriental myths (Donschikowski 7): â€Å"Her image accompanied me even in places most hostile to romance† (James 1). He got confused when the girl asked him if he would go to Araby. The narrator gave up religion and only had the girl as an object of worship. The narrator after hearing that the girl would not be going to t he bazaar, promised to bring her something so that he could get another chance to interact with her.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Academics later became tedious and he lost concentration: â€Å"At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read† (James 1). Blindness is significant in this case. The boy was not able to see even what was written on the book he was reading but only saw the girl’s image wherever he went. The boy was also blind to himself. He said that the girls name sprang to his lips at moments in strange prayers which he could not understand. He was shy and still boyish. He followed the girl of his first love, walked silently past and not making an attempt to reveal his feelings to her. He had perhaps read many romantic novels and his expression seem to be from them. For example, he sai d, â€Å"But my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running out the wires† (James 1). The boy goes to an extent of denying his eyes to see what he was able to see by lowering the blind at the window so that he could not be seen by people (Araby 1). The story has many dark sites. To start with, the narrator and his friends played in the dark muddy lanes behind the houses: â€Å"†¦to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens where odours arose from the ash pits, to the dark odorous stables† (James 1). This was significant in that it predicts a dull outcome of the story. The many episodes of darkness focus on the last part of the story: â€Å"Gazing up in the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger† (James 1). The uncle and the aunt were not aware of the boy’s anguish as he felt isolated from love and what others termed as romance. The girl’s blind ness to the boy’s love brought more disappointment to this boy. More blindness is seen because the boy did not understand his nature of love. The boy’s late arrival at the bazaar brought the end the love he had for Mangan’s sister. The hall was closing in darkness and he related the silence in that hall to the one which he experienced in church after the service. He did not like the scene: â€Å"The lady was bored with him and interested in two men who were flirting with her, cheapens and destroys the sense of an â€Å"Eastern enchantment† (Donschikowski 7).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Araby by James Joyce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His love for the girl was vanishing after realizing that his love for her was only in the mind. The reality came true at the end in the bazaar. The boy finally realized that he had to be realistic so as to achieve his dreams. Works Cited Araby, Joyce. Lack of insight in Araby. Help, 2011. Web. https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=6789 Donschikowski. Literary Analysis Using James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby,† A thematic Approach. Thetalon, 2006. Web. James, Joyce. (2011). Araby. Fiction Eserver, 2011. Web. This essay on Araby by James Joyce was written and submitted by user Grant Snyder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

If theres one thing Ive learned †Book Review

If theres one thing Ive learned – Book Review Free Online Research Papers If there’s one thing I’ve learned Book Review If there’s one thing I’ve learned Book Review by James Green We can all learn something from the people around us. And with that in mind, author James Green posed one broad question-If you could go back and change anything in your life, what would you do differently? That single question and its varied answers take readers on a journey into the lives of 87 people from all walks of life. Each has a true story to share. The stories are well written and capture the naked truth behind people’s regrets and triumphs. By dividing the stories categorically, the reader benefits from stories about dreams, the one who got away, careers, relationships, friends family, money, education, kindness, perspective and time. Each story is told in first person, which really helps connect the reader and story teller. Green does an excellent job of peering into other people’s reality and offering the reader wisdom, advice and important life lessons by simply allowing the person to speak openly. While the author doesn’t pass judgment on any of the storytellers, he does manage to share a few personal stories of his own, throughout the book, all of which give the reader a chance to learn the author is a pilot and someone who was once fearful, but now takes life by the horns. It’s rare that a book moves me the way in which this one did. I found myself deeply touched by a father openly regretful about breaking a promise to his young son. Years later, he and his son barely speak and as the story closes the father says, â€Å"You wanted to know if there was anything in my life I wish I could have done differently. Well, I wish I had gotten out of bed and gone fishing with my son.† Then there’s the lighthearted story of Mary, a retired school teacher who loved her career. She feels fulfilled and glad she selected a vocation that suited her. â€Å"The idea is to choose something you can be passionate about. If you can do that, then your job becomes a part of you. If you can do that, you’ll never really have a job.† Curtis, retired Commander in the U.S. Navy gives readers an eye opening reality check as he tells of a trip he spent years planning with his wife,but kept putting off. In an ironic twist of fate the trip is abruptly cancelled when his wife learns she has cancer and has only a month to live and can’t travel. Curtis honors his wife in death, by drastically changing the way he and his kids live. He says, â€Å"If there’s one thing I’ve learned, it’s that you’re not guaranteed a tomorrow. With that in mind, I’ve done some things I never would have done before. It felt good to do them too. You know, life is just too short.† I highly recommend this book for anyone. I believe it will meet you where you’re at in life. For the graduate ready to conquer the world, it offers a fair amount of practical advice and for the person who’s spent years just existing, a chance to prove it’s never too late for change. If there’s one thing I’ve learned, it’s that we truly can learn from the experience of others-good and bad. Research Papers on If there’s one thing I’ve learned - Book ReviewMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Technology and business assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Technology and business assessment - Essay Example As stated on its website, Cisco Systems, Inc. is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Cisco hardware, software, and service offerings are used to create Internet solutions that allow individuals, companies, and countries to increase productivity, improve customer satisfaction and strengthen competitive advantage. The Cisco name has become synonymous with the Internet, as well as with the productivity improvements that Internet business solutions provide. Cisco Systems vision statement claims that their vision "is to change the way people work, live, play and learn." Source from website ) Stanford University Computer Scientists Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack founded Cisco Systems. There was a genuine need for large scale computer networks based on industry standard technologies and while in college, they found that the inefficiencies of the current infrastructure led to great technical hitches in being compatible with the numerous mail clients. This inspiration served as a spark that set their ideas in motion and when they left the campus, they were ready to embark upon the operation. Surprisingly, its stupendous growth was the harbinger of its problems. Cisco grew rapidly and to cater to the company and product information distribution, launched an official website in 1991. It had a 50% share of the networking market and struggled to keep up with the calls it was receiving. By 1992, its market share was 85% and the customer service requests and training programs were severely straining its existing systems that were not built for these volumes. By 1993, Cisco boasted a growth of an astounding 270% growth, but its IT department was sorely lacking to cope with a half billion-dollar company growing by 50% each year. Unable to sustain, its customer service was not up to the standards desired and Cisco was losing its ratings. Its IT budget was a paltry 0.75% of sales that was way below industry standards. The Plan CIO Pete Slovik and Senior Executive, Doug Allred, brought a revolutionary concept that entailed that the IT spending was linked to the business units that in turn necessitated close alignment to the company goals. The managers of the business units would be required to independently take decisions about the investment required to reach the company targets and the level of customer satisfaction. Cisco's internal network would play a strategic role in providing the connectivity needed for the business units to build applications creatively and therefore this would require a thorough revamp of its internal infrastructure. Because it was a major decision that would cost millions, cash-strapped Cisco deliberated over the decision. Small technical difficulties kept occurring and in 1994, Cisco's systems broke down unable to cope and Cisco was forced to close down for two days. The Solution The board went ahead and approved the proposal for a $15 million Oracle ERP system. This would entail a 2.5 percent of the 1993 revenues, thrice the IT budget of the previous year. The total cost of completing the ERP was $100million. It is not an overstatement to say that the Oracle ERP system became the backbone of the Cisco E-Business. It unified all of the Unix Servers and became a source of centralized information.

Political Implications and Its Role in the Tourism and Transport Secto Essay

Political Implications and Its Role in the Tourism and Transport Sector in Mauritius - Essay Example The research recommends that the government formulate a long-term strategic policy of sustainable development, diversify into eco-tourism, event tourism, medical tourism or business tourism, and develop more programs to integrate the local community into sharing the benefits of the tourism industry. Mauritius, located 1000 km off the coast of Madagascar is a popular holiday destination for beach-resort tourists. After the EPZ manufacturing and agriculture, tourism is the key contributor to the economic growth as well as the development of Mauritius (Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority, 2010). Over the past two decades, the number of tourists has increased at a rate of 9% and tourism receipts have increased by over 21%. In 2000, gross tourism receipts were 14.2 billion rupees (508.3 million US $) and contributed to about 11 % of the GDP of Mauritius (Overview of the tourism sector in Mauritius, 2010). In 2007, tourist arrivals in reached around 907,000 and tourism receipts are about $1,297 million. This shows how tourism has progressed as a very important component of the economy in Mauritius. The case of Mauritius shows that tourism is considered a key contributor to the economic development of developing nations. It is a given fact that for the tourism industry to flourish in any particular nation, it is necessary that political environment supports and encourages tourism (de Silva, 2000). Over the past few years, tourism has become an extremely competitive industry. In wake of this competition, the policymakers have realized the importance of a health policy and a good political environment (Saleem, 1996). Tourists are people who can be easily influenced by any political or social even happening in a nation. Therefore, it becomes even more critical to ensure that the political and the governmental environment support tourist culture. According to Martin & Witt (1988), the infrastructure base of a country may be a determinant of the attractiveness of a tourism destination.  Ã‚  

Formal Informal Social Support Systems Health And Social Care Essay

Formal Informal Social Support Systems Health And Social Care Essay Realising that it is the natural right that all those who labour should enjoy to the fullest extent the fruits of their labour the Colonial Government of the Gold Coast initiated a package for public service workers who went on retirement after serving in the public service for over 30 years, passed an ordinance as part of the reforms in the colony. That ordinance came to be known as CAP 30. The following category of workers were entitled to enjoy this package, Ghana Armed Forces, Police Service, Fire Service, Ghana Education Service, Ghana Health Service, Civil Service etc. However, by 1972 the law was amended to allow another body, SSNIT to take responsibility of some category of workers contribution towards their retirement. After 1972, employees of the Ghana Education Service, Ghana Health Service, and Judiciary Service amongst others were directly under the SSNIT Pension Scheme with the exception of the Security Services. The Social Security Pension Scheme was established under the PNDC Law 247 of 1991. The Scheme is administered by the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) to cater for Civil and Public Servants, Employees in the private sector, Professionals, Traders, Artisans, Farmers and also the self-employed. The Social Security Scheme is the only basic Social Security Scheme that insures a worker against the following contingencies: Old Age, Invalidity and Death. The worker contributes 5% of his/her basic salary and the employer adds 12.5% of the workers basic salary, making a total of 17.5% which is paid to SSNIT. The rate of Contribution for Self-Employed or Voluntary Contributor is 17.5% of declared income. It would interest you to know that Government Pension or cap 30 attracts a huge sum of money than the SSNIT pension which is relatively lower. This disparity in the pension administration has brought about workers agitation for fairness in their retirement benefits. In the public sector a person qualifies for full pension at the age of 60years and you must have made a minimum contribution of 240 months in aggregate but can voluntarily go on retirement at age 55years for reduced pension and must have made a minimum contribution of 240 months. As a result of ill-health one qualifies for invalidity pension. In that case you must have made contributions for not less than 12months in aggregate within the last 36 months and you must have been declared permanently invalid and incapable of any normal gainful employment by a qualified and recognized medical officer and certified by a Regional Medical Board on which a SSNIT Medical Officer is represented. Since 1957 when the country gained independence expatriate officers in the Ghana Civil Service opted to retire and many vacancies occurred. This created the opportunity for Ghanaians who were on pension to be re-engaged in the Civil Service on contract. These officers enjoyed their pension in addition to their remuneration as contract officers. However, in 1968, the Government of Ghana ordered the cessation of the payment of the pension package in addition to the salaries attached to the contract appointment. This measure obviously did not go down well with the affected pensioners who considered it a stab at the back and a breach of faith. ( Tachie-Menson, 2003). In Accra, a group of pensioners engaged the services of lawyers to fight their cause for them. They succeeded and thus the emergence of the Ghana Government Pensioners Association for Accra which also assumed a national status. The way was then opened for branches in all the regional capitals to register members and make payment of part of their monthly dues to Accra. In Wa the pensions Association was formed in 1986 to cater for retired workers in the municipality. Pensioners under the Government Pensions Association are over six hundred as the number keep dwindling due to death. Pensioner with the SSNIT, as at February, 2010 stood at one hundred thousand four hundred and fifty eight with a retirement rate of 0.65%. It was my doubt that some retired public service workers would live uncomfortable lives after long years of contributing meaningfully to mother Ghana as those kinds of assumptions, suggestions, and my personal experience of my aged parents that prompted me to undertake this proposal in this area. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM There is a general perception out there that retirement from active service in Ghana renders one jobless and with nothing to do which often leads to frustration and early death in life if one does not plan life properly. This is attributed to the fact that people on retirement who do not plan well use their benefits to find shelter for themselves after which they end up living on their meager monthly allowance. It is claimed because most workers are not able to put up shelter during their working lives before they go on retirement. This has been the situation over the last decade and more and has rather impoverished retirees. Such claims are not hard to find in the municipality if one visits these retired workers at their homes. Therefore retired workers whose family members are not there to support them are left to their fate or are forced to put up with neighbours. It is also worrying to find frail looking pensioners go to their banks every fortnight to struggle for their allowance s. In some situations those incapacitated to the extent that they cannot make the journey to the bank would not have access to their money unless they prepare an authority note to be endorsed by the Association and countersigned by the Accountant Generals representative for the bank to effect payment, a process quite laborious. Calculation of retirement benefits of Government Pension which was originally based on the pension constant of 1/960th of ones terminal salary multiplied by the number of years served in months was reviewed in 1946 by the Harragin Salary Commission to 1/600th and has since been increased to 1/480th. The amount arrived at is spilt for 25% to be paid as gratuity and the remaining 75% as pension which is spread over 20 years and is payable monthly. On the death of a pensioner what is due him/her from the remaining period out of the twenty years is paid to his/her beneficiaries as commuted pension. (Tachie-Menson, 2003) For beneficiaries of a deceased pensioner to claim the unexpected portion of the twenty years pension there are three approaches towards that end:- (a)The nomination form filed with his Department while a civil servant in which he indicated his beneficiaries is the first to be used as authority for disbursement. However, the nomination forms can be revised at any time that the person wishes. (b)The will is the next authority to be used for disbursement, if it super cedes the nomination form. (c)In the absence of the two above, Letters of Administration prepared jointly by the head of the pensioners family on one side and the wife and children on the other, must be obtained from the Law Courts with which to claim the commuted pension. As the years roll by for inflation to set in adjustments are made to salaries by the grant of allowances in various forms to the basic salaries of Civil Servants. However, when allowances are added to the basic salaries to mitigate the effect of the rising cost of living, it does not reflect in the pension calculation. This prompts the Ghana Government Pensioners Association to enter into serious negotiations with the Government for pension to be increase. When the consolidated salary was introduced pensioners were left in the lurch. The Associations negotiating machinery was put to the test with the bargaining power of the Public Services Workers Union of which the Association is a Division; Government then consented to the grant of 50%. Therefore to address the issue of social support for the retired public sector workers in the municipality, it is important to know that the enormous concern of this essay is focused on the poor adoption of measures on the part of local authorities and community members to provide additional welfare resources and other social interventions to support the retired. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This research would give an in-depth knowledge of the formal and informal social support systems of retired workers and to know the plight of retired workers so as to come out with remedies to assist these aged citizens. It would also contribute to prepare would- be retirees to adequately plan for their future retirement. Furthermore, before a research of this nature is meaningfully carried out in the municipality of Wa, it is imperative to have some knowledge about what the area under study is made up of. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are as follows: Specific objective: A. To evaluate the adequacy of available formal and informal support and welfare resources to the retired persons at the community level. The investigation will be directed toward the identification of social support systems that would meet the growing and changing needs of the retired. GENERAL OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine, in some Ghanaian communities, social support systems for elderly persons. 2. To study both support providers and the beneficiaries comprehensively in order to understand how poverty and the needs of the retired are distributed, and how they are dealt with in practice. 3. To determine the degree of success of formal interventions of support provision to the elderly. 4. To ascertain the social pattern of relief and support, and to draw the social implications of the existing and changing patterns so that appropriate and adequate social policies may be formulated. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: These specific objectives above will be framed around the following specific and general questions: How adequate are the formal and informal social support and welfare resources of retired public sector workers? GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. What are the general cultural expectations about the retired person in the community and how are these changing? 2. What resources are available to them? 3. To what extent do retired persons avail themselves of the community resources and at what cost? 4. What factors encourage or discourage utilization of such resources? 5. To what extent do the resources available complement one another to meet the needs of the retired and what needs are left unmet? 6. What are the principles of reciprocity involved in these various support arrangements in the family and the community? LITERATURE REVIEW: In reviewing literature, the study will triangulate conceptual and theoretical frame work of the topic understudy. The operational definition of key concepts include the terms formal, informal, social support systems and public sector workers. I am interested in defining formal as the official government situation in the line of events. Informal means private and unofficial initiative. Social support system means social interventions to the vulnerable. My construct of these concepts is similar to other concepts that are in use. However, in the past Social welfare protection, in the form of insurance and assistance programmes, emerged in Europe in the 1800s in order to provide citizens with an economic safety net during periods of illness, economic hardship, and other shocks as discussed (Palacios Sluchynsky, 2006). Today, nearly every country has some form of social protection developed to provide economic support in times of need (International Social Security Association, 2005). Assistance comes in the form of old-age pensions, survivor benefits, family allowances or other supports. In Africa, the author suggests that social welfare programmes were originally developed in the 1950s and 1960s as a safety net for white workers (Dixon, 1987). Employer-based contributory pensions were the dominant model. Still today, these pensions primarily serve the wealthiest workers who live in urban areas and have secure careers in the public sector (Palacios Sluchynsky, 2006). Those who are excluded from these benefits are left to rely upon the traditional safety net of family aid, mutual support, and communal living. For example, in Kenya, the clan system has operated as a labour union world, pooling resources and providing extra support during vulnerable periods (Dixon, 1987). This informal system has eroded. However, as countries have developed and urbanized, sources of livelihoods have diversified, family sizes shrunk, and the population aged. Moreover, throughout sub-Saharan Africa, poverty has further destabilized households, changed demographic patterns and orphaned enormous numbers of children (UNICEF, 2006). Vulnerable populations face a social protection vacuum when both formal programmes and informal practices fail to provide the safety nets that families need to survive, even though social protection is a proven component in fighting poverty and responding to families overwhelmed by disease or other shocks (Barrientos DeJong, 2004; Bourguignon, Ferreira, Leite, 2002; Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2005; Skoufias di Maro, 2006). Throughout Africa, social protection programmes could well be mechanisms that enable families to economically survive and help children reach their potential. The reality that social welfare schemes in Africa exclude more people than they cover, has been established (Dixon, 1987; Fultz Pieris, 1999; Taylor, 2001) and yet there are important reasons to revisit this topic. He argues that in the last decade, a growing number of countries have expanded or developed new programmes in an effort to reduce poverty as well as to invest in human and economic development. Evidence of the growing momentum around social protection schemes include the Livingstone Call For Action (2006) where thirteen Eastern and Southern African governments pledged to draft costed national social transfer plans within two to three years. In a related situation, the African Union is driving and supporting efforts to promote the development of better social welfare systems; while heads of states throughout the world, have committed to building, where needed, and supporting the social security systems that protects the aged (United Nations General Assembly, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of existing social welfare policies in Ghana and countries throughout Africa. These policies are described and the characteristics of existing social welfare schemes are analyzed in order to facilitate dialogue on how governments, supported by the international community, can improve current welfare schemes and build new systems that are better aligned with the needs of vulnerable populations, in order to provide a meaningful social safety net. METHODOLOGY: In order to examine the characteristics of government and employer provided social support schemes to retired workers, the research must conduct an enquiry aimed at increasing knowledge based on facts. Therefore to achieve this, a systematic method and instruments of collating and collecting data should be used since the appropriateness of these methods and instruments to a large extent determine the validity and reliability of the data. Also the sample used should be a true representation of the population as well as the instrument utilized in the research. STUDY AREA The Wa Municipality is one of the oldest districts in the region, and the biggest of the nine districts. It is the capital town of the region. The estimated population of Wa Municipality for 2008 is 124,476 as against 105,065 in 2000, an increase of about19%. The population density of the area is 38 persons per square kilometers. It has about 32 communities. Because Wa doubles as the Municipal and Regional capital, it has a high population growth rate of 4% per annum with a greater proportion of the total population of the Municipality and the Region concentrated in it. Wa Municipality covers the Southwestern parts of the region. It stretches from longitude 1Ù’Â °40N to 2Â ° 45N and from latitude 9Â ° 32W to 10Â ° 20W. It covers an area of approximately 5899.30 square kilometers, which is about 32% and 2.56%of the region and the nation respectively. To the South, Southwest and Southeast, Wa Municipality shares common boundaries with Wa West/Wa East, Wa West and Wa East Districts respectively. To the north, Wa Municipality is bordered by Nadwoli District. It has more retired civil and public servants and also suitable in terms of providing sufficient sample sizes of retired persons. TARGET POPULATION The target population for this research is the retired civil and public sector workers in the municipality and their families. Retired civil and public sector workers are of two categories. The first category is made up of pensioners under Government Pension scheme and the second category is made up of pensioners under SSNIT Pension scheme. SAMPLE A number of samples will be drawn for the study. Unlike Census, where the entire population is covered by the study, sampling enables a researcher to study a relatively small part of the target population and yet obtain accurate and detailed data that are representative of the whole at a lower cost (Sarantakos, 2005). . The first sample of respondents will be made up of community members who are 60 years and above. The second respondents will be made up of family members, kin relationship and local authorities. SAMPLING PROCEDURE A snowball sampling procedure will be used. By this method a retired public sector worker is identified within the community and interviewed. This first respondent then leads the researcher to the next respondent who also falls with the target group. The process is continued until the required number of respondents is interviewed. CHOICE OF RESEARCH METHOD Considerable interest is shown in the choice of research methods to use in this research proposal. There is the quantitative data and method approach which often is associated with positivism, the prevailing paradigm in recent times. Under this approach scientific methods can more or less readily represent and measure concepts which seek to predict and explain causal relations among key variables. However, some critics are of the view that positivistic methods reduce the contextual meanings in the process of developing quantified measures of phenomena. Though the issue of empirical approach to research has been justified by its success in measuring quantitative research, in more recent years, scientists have been challenged to explain phenomena that defy measurement and their inability to quantitatively measure some phenomena, and the dissatisfaction with which the results of measurement of other phenomena have led to an intense search for other approaches to study human phenomena. A modern approach, which came to be known as post positivism, is a recent evolution of positivism which focus has been on qualitative methods, and is modeled on positivistic methods and experimental designs (Miles and Huberman, 1993). This approach has led to the acceptance of qualitative research approach which does not need empirical data to discover knowledge. However, one cannot help but to stuck by the success of qualitative research methods in the market place of academic ideas (Atkinson, 1995, p. 117). The tradition of using qualitative methods to study human phenomena is grounded in the social sciences. The tradition came about because aspects of human values, culture, and relationships were unable to be described fully using quantitative research methods. More recently, the practice of qualitative research has expanded to clinical settings because empirical approaches have proven to be of limited service in answering some of the challenges and pressing clinical questions, especially where human subjectivity and interpretation are involved (Thorne, 1997, p. 28). However, the use of qualitative research has its own flaws as well. It is unable to study relationships between variables with the degree of accuracy that is required to establish social trends. For the purpose of this proposal a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methodology would be used to analyse data. However qualitative method has a more flexible approach in pr ocedure to construction of research design in the sampling, data collection and processing and reporting. DATA COLLECTION Data will be collected from a variety of sources within the selected community, from families, kin, neighbours, educationists, legal and health practitioners, from neighbourhood and community associations, religious groups, welfare agencies, specialised groups such as trade unions, from local councils and other organised groups. Further information gathered will come from retired persons themselves, from their families/kin, extra familial networks, neighbourhood, their community and from state agencies. The material gathered from these levels will be in a complementary relationship to one another in order to approximate a high degree of reliability and validity. The principal data that will be gathered include the followings: (a) Community profile: geographic, demographic, historical, political-social and economic conditions of the community, placed within the national context. (b) Prevailing cultural norms and the expectations concerning the retired persons and their care, conceptions about reciprocity and exchange, family and kinship relationship etc. (c) Inventory and detailed descriptions of indigenous informal support systems and of formal support systems available within the community. Another source of data collection will be a historical review of formal and informal support systems available in the community and local levels. At the formal level, data will include the public services and programmes instituted by the government at different levels. At the informal level, data will include information on the traditional supporting roles played by family, kin, patrons and others. Data collection will proceed by means of primary sources of data such as interviews, questionnaire, and focus group discussions. Secondary data through existing literature will be used by the researcher. In terms of priorities, it is expected that questionnaires will be constructed and pretested. INTERVIEWS The interview is a face to face meeting between a questioner and a respondent, or an oral presentation of an opinion or attitude scale (Zikmund, 1994). Structured interview will be used for meeting the respondents. It will however be inter space with unstructured interviews when interacting with non pensioners. QUESTIONNAIRES A questionnaire is a written instrument that contains a series of questions or statements called items that attempts to collect information on a particular topic. It is useful for large scale surveys that involve collection of data from literate respondents. Questionnaire will be administered to pensioners as well. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Another source of data collection will be focus group discussions. This third phase about 9-12 pensioners will be grouped for discussions about their personal experience before and after active service. The selection of participant will be balance in terms of sex to give it a fair representation. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION In recording the information or data gathered, I will employ both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Data will be described and in other cases subjected to quantitative analysis regarding trends in each dimension of the topic. Correlations between aspects of the topic and a series of other variables to establish more detailed results will be conducted. Beyond this, the researcher is expected to explain behaviours more extensively and more accurately. Where data needs empirical analysis quantitative model will be used and where it needs description and collection and analysis occur simultaneously, qualitative model will be suitable. INTENDED BENEFITS The Government under the Ministry of Employment and Social Welfare is seriously considering the development of a national policy for the aged. Local authorities should compliment government effort by initiating social and community activities to engage the elderly in the community as well as supplement government efforts of finding welfare resources for them. The results of this study should identify and address gaps in existing interventions. My contribution to the study is to draw to attention that every worker dreams of going on retirement one day. Therefore adequate preparations should be made for the aged who have live most of their life working to develop the country so that they dont retire and still wallow in poverty. My motivation stern from the very experience of having to handle my aged parents who were once public servants and are now on retirement and in addition to relations and friends who are affected in one way or another of their aged relatives. The intention of spending time and money on this exercise is to bring about an improvement of the status quo. TIME PLAN PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 FROM TO FROM TO FROM TO DATA GATHERING METHOD 1 use of questions 2 interviews 3Focus grp Dis. June-July. Pre test Decem.-Jan. Retired workers. June-July Cap 30 Retired Workers Oct. Nov. August-September Commty. profile Feb-Mar. Families Kin. Commty mmb August Sept. SSNIT Retired Workers Octob.- Novem. Prevailng cul. Norm April.-May edu, Leg., Health workrs ANALYSIS METHODS 1 Qualitative Mainly descriptive analysis of data. Often collection and analysis will occur simultaneously. METHODS 2Quantitative Mainly statistical analysis of data. Correlation between aspects of the topic and a series of variables will be established. BUDGET. Activity Quantity/number Frequency Unit Cost Total Cost GHÂ ¢ Internet Browsing Browsing and printing 20.00 Documents acquired 40.00 Travel expenses Fuel for local movement 20.00 Feeding accommodation Rent for two years and food GHÂ ¢ 120.00 240.00 Printing and photo copying questionnaires 15 pages 100 respondents 100.00 Printing 80 pages 8 copies 60GP 384.00 Binding of books 8 copies GHÂ ¢10.00 80.00 Grant Total GHÂ ¢884.00

Behavior Therapy Essay

Hence due to the diversity of views and strategies, is more accurate to think of behavioral therapies rather than a unified approach. Population Served: The approach has wide applicability to a range of clients design specific behavioral changes. If you problem areas for which behavior therapy appears to be effective are phobic disorders, social affairs, depression, anxiety disorders, sexual disorders, substance abuse, eating disorder, trauma, hypertension, children’s disorder, and many more. Goals of Counseling The hallmark of behavioral therapy is identification of specific goals of the outset of the therapeutic process. The general goals are to increase personal choice and to create new conditions are learning. And aim is to eliminate maladaptive behaviors nd learn more effective behavioral patterns. Pacific achievement goals should be concrete, measurable, and objective term. Techniques and Approaches Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problem experienced by different clients. Any technique that can be demonstrated to change behavior may be incorporated in achievement plan. Techniques such as role-playing, behavioral arsenal, coaching, guided practice, and homework assignments can be included in the therapist repertoire. Considerations (include strengths and weaknesses) Some of the strengths of behavioral therapy is that it is a short-term approach that as wide applicability. It emphasizes research into the assessment of techniques used, thus providing accountability. Behavioral approaches are in line with the movement towards evidence-based practice and manualized treatments, which fit well with managed care mental health programs. The concepts and procedures are easily grasped. Some ot the limitations ot behavioral therapy is that the success ot the approach is in proportion to the ability to control environmental variables. In institutional settings such as schools and mental hospitals the danger exists Imposing conforming behavior. Therapist to manipulate clients toward and they have not chosen. A basic criticism leveled at this approach is that it is not adjust broader human problems, such as meaning, the search for values, and identify issues, but focuses instead on very specific and narrow behavioral problems.

Effectiveness of Ra 8049 or Anti-Hazing Law Essay

Under the Anti-Hazing Law, hazing is defined as â€Å"an initiation rite or practice as a prerequisite for admission into membership in a fraternity, sorority or organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassing or humiliating situations such as forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish and other similar tasks or activities or otherwise subjecting him to physical or psychological suffering or injury. The physical, mental and psychological testing and training procedure and practices to determine and enhance the physical, mental and psychological fitness of prospective regular members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police as approved by the Secretary of National Defense and the National Police Commission duly recommended by the Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Director General of the Philippine National Police [are not] considered as hazing†. (Section 1) Requirements 1. No hazing or initiation rites in any form or manner by a fraternity, sorority or organization shall be allowed without prior written notice to the school authorities or head of organization 7 days before the conduct of such initiation. The written notice shall indicate: 1) the period of the initiation activities which shall not exceed 3 days, shall include 2) the names of those to be subjected to such activities, and shall further contain 3) an undertaking that no physical violence be employed by anybody during such initiation rites. (Section 2) 2. The head of the school or organization or their representatives must assign at least 2 representatives of the school or organization, as the case may be, to be present during the initiation. It is the duty of such representative to see to it that no physical harm of any kind shall be inflicted upon a recruit, neophyte or applicant. (Section 3) Liability for Hazing Section 4 of the Anti-Hazing Law defines those criminally liable as principals and accomplices. Criminal Liability 1. If the person subjected to hazing or other forms of initiation rites suffers any physical injury or dies as a result thereof, the officers and members of the fraternity, sorority or organization who actually participated in the infliction of physical harm shall be liable as principals. The person or persons who participated in the hazing shall suffer: 1) The penalty of reclusion perpetua (life imprisonment) if death, rape, sodomy or mutilation results there from. 2) The penalty of reclusion temporal in its maximum period (17 years, 4 months and 1 day to 20 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall become insane, imbecile, impotent or blind. 3) The penalty of reclusion temporal in its medium period (14 years, 8 months and one day to 17 years and 4 months) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have lost the use of speech or the power to hear or to smell, or shall have lost an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm or a leg or shall have lost the use of any such member shall have become incapacitated for the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged. 4) The penalty of reclusion temporal in its minimum period (12 years and one day to 14 years and 8 months) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall become deformed or shall have lost any other part of his body, or shall have lost the use thereof, or shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for more than 90 days. 5) The penalty of prison mayor in its maximum period (10 years and one day to 12 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for more than 30 days. 6) The penalty of prison mayor in its medium period (8 years and one day to 10 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for 10 days or more, or that the injury sustained shall require medical assistance for the same period. 7) The penalty of prison mayor in its minimum period (6 years and one day to 8 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged from 1 to 9 days, or that the injury sustained shall require medical assistance for the same period. 8) The penalty of prison correccional in its maximum period (4 years, 2 months and one day to 6 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim sustained physical injuries which do not prevent him from engaging in his habitual activity or work nor require medical attendance. 2. If the hazing is held in the home of one of the officers or members of the fraternity, group, or organization, the parents shall be held liable as principals when they have actual knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring. 3. The officers, former officers, or alumni of the organization, group, fraternity or sorority who actually planned the hazing although not present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed shall be liable as principals. A fraternity or sorority’s adviser who is present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed and failed to take action to prevent the same from occurring shall be liable as principal. The presence of any person during the hazing is prima facie evidence of participation therein as principal unless he prevented the commission of the acts punishable herein. Accomplices The school authorities including faculty members who consent to the hazing or who have actual knowledge thereof, but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring shall be punished as accomplices for the acts of hazing committed by the perpetrators. Liability of Owners of the Hazing venue The owner of the place where hazing is conducted shall be liable as an accomplice, when he has actual knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring. Administrative Liability The responsible officials of the school or of the police, military or citizen’s army training organization, may impose the appropriate administrative sanctions on the person or the persons charged under this provision even before their conviction. The maximum penalty herein provided shall be imposed in any of the following instances: 1. When the recruitment is accompanied by force, violence, threat, intimidation or deceit on the person of the recruit who refuses to join; 2. When the recruit, neophyte or applicant initially consents to join but upon learning that hazing will be committed on his person, is prevented from quitting; 3. When the recruit, neophyte or applicant having undergone hazing is prevented from reporting the unlawful act to his parents or guardians, to the proper school authorities, or to the police authorities, through force, violence, threat or intimidation; 4. When the hazing is committed outside of the school or institution; or 5. When the victim is below 12 years of age at the time of the hazing. The law states that it applies to the president, manager, director or other responsible officer of a corporation engaged in hazing as a requirement for employment in the manner above mentioned. Lastly, the law specifies that any person charged is not entitled to the mitigating circumstance that there was no intention to commit so grave a wrong. Had the Anti-Hazing been in place in 1991, those acquitted of causing Lenny Villa’s death may still be languishing in jail. (Although, perhaps, had our prosecutors been more diligent in their prosecution of all accused in the death of Lenny Villa, there would at least have been more than 5 convictions – even without the Anti-Hazing Law.) But why do hazing deaths continue to occur despite the law? It is significant to note that the Supreme Court decision on the hazing-death of Lenny Villa, as quoted above, recognizes that: the hazing â€Å"rituals were performed with Lenny’s consent† and â€Å"even after going through Aquila’s grueling traditional rituals during the first day, Lenny continued his participation and finished the second day of initiation.† The law cannot prohibit some people from wanting to belong and willing to tolerate certain rituals to be accepted as a member of a group, nor can the law prevent some people’s inclination to violence or abuse. So at all times, the willing neophyte’s welfare depends on being hazed by a group of non-violent handlers. But that is never guaranteed. Since the risk exists that the neophyte will be hazed by a group of people prone to violence by nature, by pressure or some substance, it may be all left to the individual (or the family rearing him/her) to eliminate that risk by declining the membership (or convincing said individual to decline) as early as possible. We must see hazing as much more than a legal issue, say, like drugs. It is not enough to stop drug production and trafficking. People must learn to just say â€Å"No.† Those inclined to join should be aware that certain activities benignly termed as rites of passage may very well lead to funeral rites, of their own. (Siesta,2012) Statement of the Problem The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of a Fraternity or Sorority in a specific area, the benefits that an individual get from joining it and how it should be observed. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. How effective is Republic Act 8049: Anti-Hazing Law? 2. Are the rules and limitations on practicing initiation rites under RA 8049 properly observed? 3. What are the perceived solutions proposed by the respondents to resolve the lack of implementation of RA 8049? Conceptual Framework 1. Hazing – Section 1. Hazing, as used in this Act, is an initiation rite or practice as a prerequisite for admission into membership in a fraternity, sorority or organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassing or humiliating situations such as forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish and other similar tasks or activities or otherwise subjecting him to physical or psychological suffering or injury. The term â€Å"organization† shall include any club or the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine National Police, Philippine Military Academy, or officer and cadet corp of the Citizen’s Military Training and Citizen’s Army Training. The physical, mental and psychological testing and training procedure and practices to determine and enhance the physical, mental and psychological fitness of prospective regular members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police as approved ny the Secretary of National Defense and the National Police Commission duly recommended by the Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Director General of the Philippine National Police shall not be considered as hazing for the purposes of this Act. 2. Rules and Limitation – Section 2. No hazing or initiation rites in any form or manner by a fraternity, sorority or organization shall be allowed without prior written notice to the school authorities or head of organization seven (7) days before the conduct of such initiation. The written notice shall indicate the period of the initiation activities which shall not exceed three (3) days, shall include the names of those to be subjected to such activities, and shall further contain an undertaking that no physical violence be employed by anybody during such initiation rites. Section 3. The head of the school or organization or their representatives must assign at least two (2) representatives of the school or organization, as the case may be, to be present during the initiation. It is the duty of such representative to see to it that no physical harm of any kind shall be inflicted upon a recruit, neophyte or applicant. 4. Problems due to hazing – Physical injury – Damage or harm done to or suffered by a person or thing:   humiliation- The state of being humiliated or disgraced; shame. depression- A psychiatric disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, anhedonia, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death. Also called clinical depression psychological disorder- a psychological disorder of thought or emotion; a more neutral term than mental illness death – a permanent cessation of all vital functions; the end of life. 4. Strict implementation of the R.A 8049 or the Anti-Hazing Law shall be observed by the government because sometimes the government forget about this Republic Act and set it aside. Significance of the Study T he researcher considered the following institutions that will sort benefit of the study. These are the following: Government for them to take action and lessen the crimes that were brought up by unlawful initiation process. Society gives awareness to what are the rules and limitations that should be observed in the initiation process. Neophyte gives them awareness and let them understand what the legal procedures in conducting initiation process are. Future Researchers results of this study maybe used as reference by future researchers. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The parameters of the study pertain to the effectiveness and implementation of Republic Act 8049 which is known to be the Anti-Hazing Law. The researcher studies about the perception of law-makers and individuals expert in the field of law. The researcher prepared interview questions that will be answered by 5 or more respondents which happen to be law-makers and individuals expert in the field of law. The set of questions prepared by the researchers are bound with the questions in the statement of the problem, for example how effective is Republic Act 8049: Anti-Hazing Law, are the rules and limitation in conducting initiation rites are properly observed. Definition of terms Accomplice refers to one who knowingly, voluntarily, or intentionally, and with common intent and criminal purpose shared with the principal offender, solicits or encourages another to commit a crime or assists or attempts to assist in its planning and execution. Brotherhood refers to an association of men, such as a fraternity or union, united for common purposes. Congeniality refers to having the same nature, disposition, or tastes. Connation refers to a commonly understood subjective cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to the word’s or phrase’s explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation. Conviviality refers to fond of feasting, drinking, and good company; sociable. Curriculum refers to all the courses of study offered by an educational institution. Disdained refers to regard or treat with haughty contempt; despise. Dissipation refers to wasteful expenditure or consumption Fraternity refers to a chiefly social organization of men students at a college or university, usually designated by Greek letters. Freemason refers to an international fraternal and charitable organization with secret rites and signs. Initiation refers to a ceremony, ritual, test, or period of instruction with which a new member is admitted to an organization or office or to knowledge. Insignia refers to a badge of office, rank, membership, or nationality; an emblem. Law refers to a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority. Masonry refers to a work done by a mason. Menial refers to a person who has a servile or low nature Neophyte refers to a novice or beginner Protection refers to the state of being protected. Solidarity refers to a union of interests, purposes, or sympathies among members of a group; fellowship of responsibilities and interests. Sorority refers to a chiefly social organization of women students at a college or university, usually designated by Greek letters.

Ghanas Independence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1540 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Independence Essay Political Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper looks at the recent history of Ghana and explains the series of events that led up to Ghanas independence in 1957. The paper specifically discusses the effects of colonization in terms of economic and social development and the cultural tensions and tribal divisions in the newly independent Ghana. The paper then looks at the current population and government and concludes that while Ghana is still very much a developing country, Ghana is significantly better off than its West African peers. From the Paper The country of Ghana was the first dependent African country to achieve independence. Various factors contributed to the effective push for independence. These factors included constitutional reform as a means by which to slowly erode British influence, the stirring of the masses by African political elites, and the general post-WWII concern over colonization and its destructive forces. Growing nationalist sentiment unleashed itself in the riots of 1948, though the consequences of such violence sent a message to the British and promoted a more controlled and systematic push towards independence. Under the leadership of Mr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ghanas Independence" essay for you Create order Kwame Nkrumah, a bright and devoted politician, Ghana found its way towards independence through relatively bloodless means. Sub-Saharan Africa began its journey of decolonization in 1956 when the Sudan won independence after the Egyptian revolution in 1952 (Findley/Rothney 387). One of the first African countries to gain independence was Ghana, in 1957. Ghana is located in West Africa near the equator and on the Greenwich meridian. The colonial power that ruled Ghana until their day of independence was Britain. The Portuguese were the first to arrive and they named the place where they settled the Gold Coast. This became the name of the country till independence when it was changed to Ghana. The British were not the first Europeans to arrive in Ghana but they were the last to leave. The capital of Ghana was moved from Cape Coast to Accra by the British in 1876. The beginning struggle for independence began in the mid 40s when a British Civil Service and Legislative Council was established. This group called many of the Ghana people to fight Britains wars in Europe and North Africa. This they did with valor and great courage, only to be denied compensation and benefits upon their return to the Gold Coast. This single act began the beginning of the end for the British in Ghana (Brody Since the 1950s and 1960s, especially after independence, Ghana has joined numerous world-wide and regional organizations, e. g. the United Nations Organizations (UNO), International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO), Organization of African Unity (OAU) (now transformed into African Union – AU), the Economic Commission of West African States (ECOWAS) and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) respectively. This has been done in a bid to demonstrate her interest in being integrated into the world or African communities and to allow for integration into Ghana of foreign nationals. Before Ghana attained her independence the peoples who now form Ghana were used to the running of states, empires and kingdoms. These peoples co-existed and were bonded by kinship and principles. The arbitrary borders drawn by colonialists only succeeded in forming artificial a multiethnic nation Ghana. Ghana lacks the internal political cohesion that is absolutely necessary for her survival as a nation. It lacks the moral core that would otherwise be provided by ethnicity, thus the ingredient required for constructing one nation with local roots. There are competing ethnic nationalisms that are hardly prepared to relinquish their hold onto their freedoms and self-determination. Apart from this reluctance to let go their grip on their valued raison d’etre as independent peoples, certain ethnic groups believe that they are superior to others, thus making consensus-building even more difficult. Ethnic loyalty also makes it difficult to build â€Å"strong and viable resources of political association and mass-based political parties, [since selfish politicians can easily manipulate] ethnic loyalty as the cheapest and most reliable strategy to acquire and consolidate power† (Yoh, 2004: 2). As already demonstrated above, violent conflicts have erupted and will continue to erupt in areas where traditional states, traditional land tenure, chieftaincies are collapsing or there is a fragmentation of communities. Examples of such situations are shown by many young nation-states, e. g. Nigeria, Ethiopia, Pakistan and Rwanda, which have been shaken and partly divided or destroyed by power struggles caused by ethnic and religious conflicts. Education and Development in Nation-Building Lack of education is one of the most serious factors hindering development in nation-building. This fact was realized in the early days of nation-building in Germany. Also, when Ghana became independent in 1957, the first President realized the need for the promotion of education in Ghana. In the case of Germany, for instance, it can be said that: â€Å"From 1763, against resistance from the nobility and citizenry, an ‘enlightened absolutism’ was established in Prussia and Austria, according to which the ruler was to be ‘the first servant of state’. The economy developed and legal reforms were undertaken, including the abolition of torture and the improvement in the status Jews; the emancipation of peasants began. Education was promoted† (Wikipedia, History of Germany, 2008: 12). In Ghana education has been considered very essential for nation-building. Even during the colonial administration educational policies, were formulated, e. g. through Advisory Committees on Education, to accelerate the development of the indigenous people. During the first government Nkrumah and the CPP embarked vigorously upon the promotion of education. For example: â€Å"For the first time in the history of the country, the Central Government was to assume full responsibility for educational policy and practice. Educational development itself had passed the where it was a political project of the greatest magnitude. It had been both fundamental and crucial to the political economy, and was to find full expression in the Seven-Year Development Plan of 1964, the CPP’s programme for ‘work and happiness’† (Haizel, In: Arhin, 1991: 60-61). Since the CPP regime a couple of educational reforms have taken place, notably the 1987 Education Reform by the PNDC Government and the 2007/2008 Education Reform by the NPP Government. However, in many cases governments have paid lip-service to education, initiated inappropriate reforms and made arbitrary changes not backed by sound reflection and preparation. Thus, education is still developing effectively to boost nation-building. Education Education, together with language, forms the all-important keys to participation in society. Education is relevant to work/employment, rural development, modernization, national identity, cultural identity, ethnic identity, national identity, citizenship, exercise of civic rights and responsibilities, and political awareness which all lead to effective nation-building. Gender issues Gender issues are essential in nation-building and ought to be tackled vigorously. In both Germany and Ghana women are ceasing to mere play the second fiddle in society and are assuming highly responsible positions. For example, for years now, Dr. Angela Merkel has been the German Chancellor, the first female Chancellor indeed. Also, another prominent German female political figure worth mentioning is Prof. Dr. Maria Bohmer, Federal Government Commissioner for Migration, Refugees and Integration and Minister of State in the Federal Chancellery to boot. In Ghana we now have the first woman Chief Justice, Mrs. Georgina Wood, the first woman Speaker of Parliament, Mrs. Justice Joyce Adeline Bamford-Addo and the first woman Acting Inspector-General of Police, Mrs. Elizabeth Mills-Robertson (since the establishment of the Ghana Police Service in 1874 by the British Colonial Administration). These new developments with regard to gender issues go a long way to enhance the image not only of women but also of their own society and nation. References Andah, B. W. and Anquandah, J. (1988): The Guinea belt: the peoples between Mount Cameroon and the Ivory Coast, In: Elfasi, M. , Hrbek, I. (eds. ) General History of Africa III: 488-529. California: UNESCO, Heineman Anderson, Benedict (2005): Die Erfindung der Nation. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main/New York, ISBN 3-593-37729-2 Arhin, Kwame ed. (1991): The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah. Papers of Symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon Accra: Sedco Pubishing Ltd. Bade, Klaus J. (2008): Immigration and Integration in Germany. The Three Main Waves of Migration and their Effects, In: Deutschland, E6 No. 5/2008 October/November: 50-52. Frankfurt/Main: Societats-Verlag and Federal Foreign Office, Berlin Deutschland, E6 No. 5/2008 October/November (2008): Integration and Diversity. Living Together. Frankfurt/Main: Societats-Verlag and Federal Foreign Office, Berlin Elfasi, M. , Hrbek, I. (eds. ) (1988): General History of Africa III: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. California: UNESCO, Heineman Ghana â€Å"https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ghanaâ€Å" Hagan, George P. (1991): Nkrumah’s Cultural Policy. In: Arhin, 1991: 1-25, Papers of Symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon Accra: Sedco Pubishing Ltd. Haizel, E. A. (1991): Education in Ghana, 1951-1966. In: Arhin, 1991: 55-87, Papers of Symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon Accra: Sedco Pubishing Ltd. Hippler, Jochen Hrsg. (2003): Nation-Building – ein sinnvolles Instrument der Konfliktbearbeitung? Dietz Verlag, Bonn Schayan, Janet (2008): Living Together in Germany. Opportunities for Immigrants. In: Deutschland, E6 No. 5/2008 October/November: 50-52. Frankfurt/Main: Societats-Verlag and Federal Foreign Office, Berlin Yoh, John G. Nyuot (2004): Notes on Ethnicity, Democratization and Nation building: Experience in Africa and relevance to West Asia: The Case of Cameroon and Ghana. Pretoria: Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa. Amman, Jordan Presidential Diary (2007): History of Ghana. Golden Jubilee Edition: 35-41